倫理：Ethics

 

倫理

 

お早うございます！

 

仏教（覚道）の倫理（人が纏まる真理）の根本は五戒（pañca-sīla）又は五学習項目（pañca-sikkhāpada）です。それは不殺生、不偸盗、不妄語、不邪淫、不飲酒で一切可能性の生を守り、その物資、真理、性・世代、心身を守り皆の平和・平等・自由・自治を守る事です。

 

Sīlaの語根は落着・居住（śī）で、無意識の行為・習慣（生成・習性：bhava）を意識的修養（bhavana, bhavaの使役形）による安定・確立した行為・品性を意味します。法隆寺五重塔は世界最古で１３００年以、その心柱は１３４０年以上のもので五重塔全体を支えています。

 

五戒第一の不殺生又は不傷害は心柱でこれを守ることが普遍法縁起の相依相対の世界に生きる者の厳守すべき最重要の倫理規定です。五戒は国家間の条約の五原則の規範として建物を支える五柱に例えられてきましたが、動物の身体を支える背骨とも取られます。

 

ブッダと同時代の西洋でも金字塔文明を１８０度転換する軸時代の運動として同様な倫理運動がありました。ソクラテス、プラトンからアリストテレスにかけて単なる習慣（エトスetho）からエートス（ēthos）へ、そしてエーティケー（ēthikē・ēthikē aretē倫理的卓越）へと進化します。

 

ユダヤ教・キリスト教・イスラームでもその十戒（十真実語：decalogue、ロゴス：道理）は五戒同様の規定を含み、核危機で世界中に倫理の要請が高まり１９９３年シカゴで七千人以上の宗教者が集まり発した誰もが守るべき五教令を地球倫理は五戒を基盤としています。

 

独覚（pacceka-buddha/pratyeka-buddha：個人主義的覚者）は縁（paccaya/pratyaya）から縁起の覚者と誤解釈されることがありますが、ブッダのように、自身の覚醒後に更に一切衆生の覚醒の為に努力する菩薩とはならない者を指すので、真の正覚者とは言えないでしょう。

 

無明からの覚醒、無知の知は古い習慣の眠りから覚め法・道・良心・神・理等と呼ばれた普遍法による行動規範・倫理により皆が聖（全体健全）に帰一し極楽・福に至る自分世界から共同世界へ更に法世界への宗教・精神・文化革命が軸時代・諸宗教の心柱だったのです。

 

普遍法縁起世界では何も誰も孤立無援で独立自存・絶対主宰としての存在は無いのですから過去一切時空の善因善果に感謝・報恩して未来の一切時空の善因善果の為に努力するのが皆の義務であり倫理です。稀有の人生を共に友として共同・協働・共栄しましょう！

 

有難うございました。

 

Ethics

 

Good morning!

The foundation of ethics in Buddhism—the Awakened Way—is the Five Precepts (pañca-sīla) or Five Learning Bases/Items (pañca-sikkhāpadāni). They are abstention from killing, stealing, falsity, sexual misconduct, and intoxicants. They protect life for all its possibilities, together with the material resources, truth, gender/generations, and the minds/bodies of all. Thus, they safeguard the peace, equality, freedom, and autonomy of everyone.

The word sīla is associated with the root śī, “to settle, establish.” It signifies conduct and character stabilized and established through conscious cultivation—bhāvanā, the causative form of bhāva, “becoming, or habitual disposition”—in place of unconscious action and habit. The five-storied pagoda of Hōryūji, Dharma-flourishing Temple, the world’s oldest surviving wooden five-storied pagoda, has stood for more than 1,300 years, while the timber of its central pillar is more than 1,430 years old. That pillar supports the entire pagoda.

The First Precept—not killing or harming—is the central pillar of the Five Precepts. Observing it is the foremost ethical imperative for all who live in the universally interrelated and relative world of dependent co-origination. The Five Precepts have been compared to five pillars supporting a building and have served as ethical models for five principles governing relations/treaties among nations. They may also be compared to the backbone supporting an animal’s body.

In the West corresponding to the Buddha’s time, a comparable ethical movement arose as part of the Axial Age—the great movement that turned the civilization of pyramidal hierarchy completely around. From Socrates and Plato to Aristotle, thought developed from ethos (ἔθος: habit or custom), through ēthos (ἦθος: established character), to ēthikē and ēthikē aretē—ethics and excellence of character.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam likewise preserve the Ten Commandments—the Deca-logue, or “Ten Logos (Truth-Words)”—which contain injunctions comparable to the Five Precepts. As the nuclear crisis intensified the worldwide demand for a common ethic, more than seven thousand religious representatives assembled in Chicago in 1993 and issued principles that everyone should observe. The Global Ethic is grounded in fundamental precepts shared with the Five Precepts.

A Solitary Buddha—pacc-eka-buddha in Pāli or praty-eka-buddha (eka: ein/one) in Sanskrit—is sometimes interpreted as one who realizes dependent co-origination through conditions or relations (paccaya/pratyaya). More properly, however, the term refers to one who, after personally awakening, does not become a bodhisattva who strives, as the Buddha did, for the awakening of all living beings. True awakening is awakening to the universal Dharma of the dependent co-origination of all.

Awakening from nescience—and knowledge of one’s own ignorance—means awakening from the slumber of old habits. The central pillar of the Axial Age and the world’s religions was a religious, spiritual, and cultural revolution: from the self-world to the shared world, and ultimately to the Dharma-world, where all become holy—wholly wholesome—and attain the Bliss-world (Sukhavati: abundant comfort, eudaimonia: happiness) through universal standards of conduct and ethics grounded in the Universal Law, variously called Dharma, Dao, Deity, Daimon, Logos.

In the world of universal Dharma and dependent co-origination, nothing and no one exists in isolation—independently self-sufficient, absolutely sovereign, or unsupported by others. It is therefore the duty and ethic of us all to appreciate and repay the good causes and consequences inherited from all beings throughout past space and time, and to work for good causes and consequences for all throughout future space and time.

Let us cherish this rare human life and live together as friends—in community, cooperation, and co-prosperity!

Thank you.

 

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